Skip to main content
Download PDF
Download ePub
  • Research article
  • Open access
  • Published:

Effects of enzymatically modified isoquercitrin in supplementary protein powder on athlete body composition: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition volume 16, Article number: 39 (2019) Cite this article

A Correction to this article was published on 21 October 2019

This article has been updated

Abstract

Background

Enzymatically modified isoquercitrin (EMIQ), a water-soluble quercetin, has been shown to intensify muscle hypertrophy in mice. We investigated the effect of EMIQ in supplementary protein powder on athlete body composition.

Methods

Forty Japanese males who played American football (age: 19.8 ± 1.4 years; body height: 174.1 ± 6.0 cm; body mass: 75.5 ± 10.7 kg) were assigned to a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of parallel group. Participants received either EMIQ in whey protein (EW, n = 19) or contrast whey protein (W, n = 20) 6 days per week over 4 months. Body composition was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Markers of oxidative stress, derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP), were assessed using a free radical analytical system. Data were analyzed using a univariate and repeated measures general model statistics.

Results

After 4 months, changes in lower limb fat-free mass and muscle mass were significantly greater in the EW group than in the W group (mean change ±95% CI; W: 324.1 ± 284.3, EW: 950.3 ± 473.2, p = 0.031, W: 255.7 ± 288.6, EW: 930.9 ± 471.5, p = 0.021, respectively). Moreover, the EW group exhibited a significantly higher BAP/d-ROMs ratio, antioxidation index, than the W group after 4 months (mean change ± SD; W: 8.8 ± 1.1, EW: 10.3 ± 2.8; p = 0.028). No significant differences in body mass, lean body mass, fat mass, or lower limb fat mass were observed between the groups.

Conclusion

Ingestion of EMIQ in supplementary protein powder for 4 months exerts antioxidant effects and increases muscle mass among American football players.

Trial registration

University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trial Registry, UMIN000036036. Retrospectively registered in 2019.

Background

Rutin is a polyphenolic flavonoid compound found in many plants (e.g., citrus fruits, onions, and buckwheat) and exhibits strong antioxidant effects [1]. Rutin has vitamin-like and medicine-like effects, including preventing cardiovascular and metabolic diseases [2]. However, it is difficult for humans to absorb rutin [3]; therefore, it is converted to quercetin and its metabolites prior to absorption.

Enzymatically modified isoquercitrin (EMIQ), enzymatically modified rutin, and α-glycosyl isoquercitrin are glucosyl derivatives of quercetin. EMIQ is manufactured from rutin through enzymatic modification. The enzymatic treatment increases the water solubility of EMIQ; the bioavailability of EMIQ is approximately 17 times that of quercetin and 45 times that of rutin [4]. Compared to rutin, EMIQ is also more easily absorbed in humans [5]. Therefore, EMIQ is expected to provide greater health benefits than quercetin and rutin. EMIQ is approved as a safe food additive and an antioxidant [6, 7].

Mukai et al. reported that quercetin has a preventive effect on muscle atrophy [8]. They have reported that quercetin injection in rats suppressed the reduction of muscle mass by attenuating the induction of ubiquitin ligase. They also found that quercetin prevented muscle atrophy by targeting mitochondrial function [9]. Leelayuwat et al. reported that quercetin administration increased the cross-sectional area of skeletal muscles in swimming rats and promoted recovery from muscle inflammation after severe exercise [10]. Moreover, we found that EMIQ, a water-soluble quercetin, intensified muscle hypertrophy in mice [11]. Therefore, we hypothesized that supplementation with EMIQ will produce positive changes in human muscles as well.

Oxidative stress is closely related to exercise. Moderate exercise increases oxidative stress, prompting muscle hypertrophy [12]; whereas intense and prolonged exercise causes high levels of reactive oxygen species, prompting muscle weakness and fatigue [13, 14]. Derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) were used as oxidative stress markers in a clinical study [15]. d-ROMs indicate oxidative stress in blood samples; BAP indicates antioxidant ability, and the BAP/d-ROMs ratio represents the antioxidation index. A previous study reported that BAP/d-ROMs ratio was positively correlated with performance increase [16]; however the effects of antioxidants on muscle mass are not well understood.

Muscle protein constantly undergoes synthesis and breakdown, and skeletal muscle mass is regulated by many signals [17], including exercise, physical tension, nutrients, hormones, and cytokines [18]. Increased protein synthesis rather than the breakdown of muscle protein, causes increase muscle mass [19]. After exercising in the fasting state, the net muscle protein balance becomes negative, whereas when protein is ingested after the exercise, the net muscle protein balance becomes positive [20]. Therefore, many athletes use supplementary protein powder to gain skeletal muscle mass [21, 22].

In the present study, we examined the effects of the consumption of EMIQ on body composition and antioxidant status of American football players who undergo strong exercise training regularly. They typically consume supplementary protein powder, and EMIQ is supplied with protein powder. We hypothesized that EMIQ treatment will significantly increase lean mass and lower limb muscle mass. We further hypothesized that EMIQ treatment will significantly affect the antioxidant status.

Methods

Study design and participants

This randomized, parallel arm, placebo-controlled, double-blind study was conducted for 4 months in 2014. Primary outcomes were changes in lean mass and lower limb muscle mass, and secondary outcomes were changes in the antioxidant status. The study’s protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tsukuba University (2014.7.30, no. 26–37), and the study was performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki Declaration and the 2010 Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials statement [23]. The trial was retrospectively registered in the University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trial Registry (Japan, registration no. UMIN000036036) in 2019. Forty male Japanese students (from the Tsukuba University) who played American football (BMI ≥18.5 and < 30) were recruited to participate in the study. All participants provided written informed consent and were assigned to receive either EMIQ in whey protein (the EW group) or contrast whey protein (the W group), and the groups were stratified according to grade (junior vs. senior) and football position (back vs. lineman) using the “rand” function of Microsoft Excel (version 14.4.7). Time limits of whey protein powder with/without EMIQ are 18 months, and the protein was consumed within this limit. During the study period, the groups were identified as group A (the W group) and group B (the EW group) to ensure blinding.

Exclusion criteria

The following participants were excluded:

  1. 1)

    Participants with food allergies.

  2. 2)

    Participants who consume other supplementary protein powders, drugs, or supplements during the study.

  3. 3)

    Participants who change their lifestyle, including dietary and exercise habits, during the study.

  4. 4)

    Participants who eat unbalanced diet (consuming much polyphenol-rich food, including citrus fruit, buckwheat, and fermented soybeans), or consume excessive alcohol.

  5. 5)

    Participants who refrained from practice for long periods (e.g., because of injury).

One of the recruited participants was excluded because he failed to provide a blood sample.

Characteristics of participants and training program

Most participants had previously consumed supplementary protein powder (typically whey protein, 3–4 times a week after resistance training). The study’s flow chart and assessment schedule are shown in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Study flow chart. Forty young male Japanese university students who played American football were recruited, although one participant was excluded because he did not provide blood sample. Thus, 39 participants were randomized to receive either whey protein (W) or EMIQ in whey protein (EW)

Full size image
Fig. 2
figure 2

Study protocol. Participants consumed 20 g of their supplementary protein powder after exercise (6 days a week). Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at 0 and 4 months. Weight measurements and nutritional evaluations were performed at 0, 2, and 4 months. Medical check-ups were performed with blood sampling at 0 and 4 months. Oxidative stress was measured at 0 and 4 months. B: body composition measurement, W: weight measurement, N: nutritional evaluation, M: medical check-up, O: oxidative stress measurement

Full size image

The football team’s trainer provided input regarding the design of the training program. Resistance training to maintain or increase skeletal muscle mass and power was performed 3 times a week during the first month (from 0 month to 1 month). Participants also underwent skill training to increase their individual performance and teamwork. From 1 month to 2 month, the participants underwent moderately intense training (to develop physical strength and complete a training camp). From 2 month to 4 month, practice sessions/games were conducted 5–6 times a week (the competitive season).

Supplementation protocols

Participants consumed 20 g per day of whey supplementary protein powder (the W group) or 20 g of whey supplementary protein powder with 42 mg of EMIQ (the EW group). As calculated, participants consumed 0.26 g/kg whey protein powder, and which indicates 0.18 g/kg protein. Consumption amount of protein was determined on the basis of previous participants’ habits and previous reports [24, 25]. All supplements were consumed 6 times a week (immediately after practice). Nutritional components of the supplements are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Moisture and mineral contents were 0.8 g and 0.5–0.96 g, respectively.

Table 1 Nutrition facts per 20 g supplementation
Full size table
Table 2 Amino acid composition
Full size table

EMIQ in the supplements was analyzed using a previously described high-performance liquid chromatography method [26] that revealed that the whey protein powder contained 0.0 mg of EMIQ and whey protein powder with EMIQ contained 42 mg of EMIQ. All supplements were prepared by Morinaga & Co. Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan).

Body composition measurements

Body weights were measured using a body composition meter (MC-190; TANITA, Japan) at baseline and 4 months. Body composition parameters (bone mineral content, fat mass, and muscle mass) were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA; QDR-4500A; Hologic, Japan) at baseline and 4 months. DXA measurements were conducted following overnight fast and 24-h absence of strenuous exercise. Participants wore typical athletic clothing and removed all metal jewelry. Participants were laid on their back on the DXA table with their arms at their sides and feet together. The same investigator conducted all analyses, and the second measurement was performed as a comparable mode. The investigator checked the setting of analysis region. Lower limb were separated from the trunk by a horizontal line just below the lower pelvic. Analysis provided data on lean body mass, fat mass, and bone mineral content for the total body and lower limb. Lower limb fat-free mass was calculated from lower limb lean mass plus lower limb bone mineral content. Lower limb lean mass was expressed as lower limb muscle mass because lower limbs consist mostly of skeletal muscle, bone, and fat [27].

Nutritional evaluations

To assess food intake, participants completed food frequency questionnaires (FFQg version 3.5; Kenpaku-sha, Tokyo, Japan) at baseline, 2 months, and 4 months (on the same day as their body weight measurements). Supplementation with protein powder for this study was not included in these nutritional evaluations.

Blood sampling

Blood sampling was performed at baseline and 4 months. The venous blood samples were collected in vacutainers in the morning after overnight fasting and 24-h absence of strenuous exercise; 2 mL was drawn for general testing and 9 mL for liver and renal function testing. All blood samples were analyzed at the Tsukuba i-Laboratory. The blood test parameters were red blood cell (RBC), and white blood cell (WBC) counts, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), total bilirubin (T-BIL), creatinine (Crea), uric acid (UA), urea nitrogen (UN), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), platelet (PLT), and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP). RBC and WBC were measured using the electric resistance method. Hb was measured using the sodium lauryl sulfate-Hb method. Ht was measured using the RBC pulse peak method. MCV was calculated as follows: Ht(%)/RBC (106/ mm3) × 10. MCHC was calculated as follows: Hb(g/dL)/Ht (%) × 100. T-BIL, Crea, and UA were measured using the enzymatic method. UN was measured the urease-UV method. AST, ALT, LDH, PLT, and γ-GTP were measured the Japan Society of Clinical Chemistry standardization method.

Oxidative stress analysis

Blood samples were collected from participants’ fingertips in the morning after overnight fasting and 24-h absence of strenuous exercise at 0 and 4 months. The d-ROMs were measured using a free radical system (FRAS4; Health & Diagnostics Ltd., Italy) and measurement kits (DIACRON, Italy). The d-ROMs results were expressed in arbitrary units, with one unit corresponding to 0.08 mg/dL of hydrogen peroxide. BAP was also measured using the FRAS4 system and DIACRON measurement kits. The BAP results were expressed in mmol/L of reduced ferric ions.

Statistical analysis

Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and changed data were expressed as mean change ±95% CI. Data were analyzed using a general linear model (GLM) with repeated measures two-way analysis of variances (ANOVA), with two levels by time (pre- and post-test or pre-, 2 months, and post-test) and groups (W and EW) as the Levene’s test revealed homoscedasticity and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test revealed normality. In some cases, simple main effect test was performed following repeated measures two-way ANOVA. Changed data were analyzed using a GLM with one-way ANOVA as the Levene’s test revealed homoscedasticity and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test revealed normality. In addition, effect size (ES) was calculated with Cohen’s d as a standardized measurement based on SD differences. Values closer to 1 is indicated substantive significance. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software (version 22.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.

Results

Nutrient intake

The FFQg questionnaire was used to evaluate nutrient intake; supplementary protein intake was not included in this questionnaire. There were no significant differences in nutrient intake differences during the study periods. There were no significant differences in nutrient intake during between the W and EW groups at 4 months, suggesting that dietary habits had no effect on the results (Table 2).

Blood test results

Results of blood tests at baseline and 4 months are shown in Table 3. One of the participants in the W group and three of those in the EW group could not provide blood samples at baseline because of not meeting the schedules. Only AST values were higher in the W group than in the EW group during the experiment. There was no significant changes due to EMIQ supplementation. RBC, and WBC counts, Hb, Ht, MCV, Crea, ALT, PLT, and γ-GTP increased from baseline to 4 months, possibly because of the strenuous training. However, the participants exhibited no significant deviations from the reference ranges for blood parameters during the study period. No adverse events were associated with the investigational product during the study period.

Table 3 Nutrient intakes
Full size table

Body composition results

Basic information of the two groups is shown in Table 4, and body composition data at baseline and 4 months are shown in Table 5. There were no differences in the basic information between the two groups. Lower limb fat-free mass, lower limb muscle mass, and lower limb fat mass increased from baseline to 4 months, possibly because of the strenuous training and protein consumption. Increase in lower limb fat-free mass and lower limb muscle mass was markedly observed in the EW group (Group × Time interaction). Changes in the body composition from baseline to 4 months are shown in Fig. 3. Increases in lower limb fat-free and muscle masses were significantly greater in the EW group than in the W group (p = 0.030, and 0.020, respectively), with a large effect size (SE = 0.740, and 0.800, respectively). There were no significant differences in changes in lean body mass, fat mass and lower limb fat mass between the groups.

Table 4 Blood test results
Full size table
Table 5 Basic information
Full size table
Fig. 3
figure 3

Lean body mass (a), fat mass (b), lower limb fat-free mass (c), lower limb muscle mass (d), and lower limb fat mass (e). Participants consumed 20 g of their supplementary protein powder after exercise (6 days a week). Changes of body composition from 0 to 4 months were expressed as mean change ±95% CI, and changes completely above or below the baseline are significant changes. *p < 0.05, significant difference between W group and EW group

Full size image

Antioxidant measurements

Antioxidant measurements are shown in Table 6. The EW and W groups did not exhibit any significant differences in BAP and d-ROMs at baseline. From baseline to 4 months, d-ROMs increased, indicating that the strenuous training increased plasma d-ROMs. Group interaction of BAP/d-ROMs showed 0.075; therefore, we analyzed simple main effect of groups. BAP/d-ROMs ratio at 4 months was significantly higher in the EW group than in the W group (p = 0.028, and ES = 0.750) Table 7.

Table 6 Body composition data from baseline to 4 month
Full size table
Table 7
Full size table

Discussion

The present study revealed that 4-month EMIQ supplementation in whey protein powder significantly increased lower limb lean mass in American football players. The EMIQ group also exhibited higher BAP/d-ROMs ratio than the control group after 4 months, suggesting that EMIQ supplementation improves the antioxidant status of players. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to show that antioxidants increase lower limb muscle mass, suppressing antioxidant stress.

During the experiments, body mass of players remained unchanged. Lower limb lean masses of both groups significantly increased between baseline and 4 months, possibly because of the training, a finding that is consistent with that of a previous report [28]. Lower limb muscle mass of participants in the EW group significantly increased from baseline to 4 months, whereas that of participants in the W group did not change significantly. Increases in lower limb lean mass and muscle mass were higher than in the EW group than in the W group. These results suggest that EMIQ supplementation may optimize the exercise effect and intensifies muscle hypertrophy in humans as they did in mice [11]. To clarify the detail mechanism of muscle hypertrophy due to EMIQ, further investigations will be needed.

One of the speculative mechanisms is suppression of oxidative stress. Antioxidant supplementation after exercise affects inflammatory markers, muscle fatigue and performance [29,30,31], although no report has suggested that antioxidant supplementation intensifies muscle hypertrophy. EMIQ supplementation may increase the endurance or work capacity of players, as revealed by studies that reported that quercetin improves muscle damage or endurance exercise capacity [32, 33]. However, we could not measure endurance or work capacity in this long-term study. Antioxidant status of a player is related to performance during fatiguing exercise [34, 35]; therefore, improvement of antioxidant status by EMIQ supplementation may be an advantage to players.

Another possible mechanism is the previously reported function of quercetin as an activator of mitochondria biogenesis and PGC-1α [36, 37]; these functions may affect muscle synthesis or breakdown [38, 39]. However, it is uncertain that the effect on atrophy and muscular dystrophy can be extrapolated to this small study [40]. In this study, EMIQ was consumed with supplementary protein powder, which may affect protein absorption and metabolism.

We observed no increases in the body weights in either group. As mentioned before, participants underwent training regularly and typically consumed supplementary protein powder. Therefore, it is possible that we did not observe significant increases in body weight and body lean mass during this period, in accordance with a previous study [41]. Meanwhile, some blood parameters mainly those related to inflammation and anemia, increased during the study, possibley because of the strenuous training. d-ROMs also increased during the study. These data indicate that during the study, all participants were under strenuous exercise and stress, with no differences between the groups.

In this study, we confirmed the safety of EMIQ. EMIQ is generally regarded as safe (GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration [7], and is approved as a food additive in Japan [6]. No adverse events were associated with EMIQ supplementation during the study period. Blood parameters did not alter with EMIQ supplementation, indicating that 42 mg of EMIQ supplementation is safe. Results of blood parameters revealed no health concerns in the study participants.

Limitations

The present study evaluated only young male athletes because participants included were American football players of the university. Thus, there is a risk of age-related bias as age can be a factor affecting muscle hypertrophy. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether these results can be observed in individuals who exercise less frequently because exercise habits are also a factor. Further studies on other participants based on these limitations may clarify the effectiveness of EMIQ.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that EMIQ exerts antioxidant effects, improving lower limb muscle mass in American football players.

Availability of data and materials

Data are all contained within the article.

Change history

  • 21 October 2019

    The original article [1] contained a typesetting error in Table 3 which was mistakenly introduced by the production team handling this article; this error has now been corrected.

Abbreviations

ALT:

Alanine transaminase

AST:

Aspartate transaminase

BAP:

Biological antioxidant potential

BW:

Body weight

Crea:

Creatinine

d-ROMs:

Derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites

EMIQ:

Enzymatically modified isoquercitrin

ES:

Effect size

EW:

Whey protein powder containing EMIQ

γ-GTP:

γ-glutamyl transpeptidase

Ht:

Hematocrit

Hb:

Hemoglobin

LDH:

Lactate dehydrogenase

MCH:

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

MCHC:

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

MCV:

Mean corpuscular volume

RBC:

Red blood cell

T-BIL:

Total bilirubin

UA:

Uric acid

UN:

Urea nitrogen

W:

Whey protein powder

WBC:

White blood cell

References

  1. Paganga G, Miller NRice-Evans CA. The polyphenolic content of fruit and vegetables and their antioxidant activities. What does a serving constitute? Free Radic Res. 1999;30:153–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Hosseinzadeh H, Nassiri-Asl M. Review of the protective effects of rutin on the metabolic function as an important dietary flavonoid. J Endocrinol Investig. 2014;37:783–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Manach C, Morand C, Demigne C, et al. Bioavailability of rutin and quercetin in rats. FEBS Lett. 1997;409:12–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Makino T, Shimizu R, Misaki K, Yukio S, Masamitsu M, Hajime M. Enzymatically modified isoquercitrin, a-oligoglucosyl quercetin 3-oglucoside, is absorbed more easily than other quercetin glycosides or aglycone after oral administration in rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2009;32:2034–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Murota K, Matsuda N, Kashino Y, et al. Alpha-oligoglucosylation of a sugar moiety enhances the bioavailability of quercetin glucosides in humans. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2010;501:91–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Association JFA: Japanese specifications and standards for food additives. 8th ed. Tokyo: Japan Food Additives Association; 2007(Series Editor).

  7. GRAS Notice for EMIQ (GRN 000220) (US FDA, 2007): Alpha-glycosyl isoquercitrin. Journal.

  8. Mukai R, Nakao R, Yamamoto H, et al. Quercetin prevents unloading-derived disused muscle atrophy by attenuating the induction of ubiquitin ligases in tail-suspension mice. J Nat Prod. 2010;73:1708–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Mukai R, Matsui N, Fujikura Y, et al. Preventive effect of dietary quercetin on disuse muscle atrophy by targeting mitochondria in denervated mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2016;31:67–76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. SL NL, Kanpetta Y, Benja M, Wongpan D, Tunkamnerdthai O, Wattanathorn J, Muchimapura S, Yamauchi J. Quercetin enhances endurance capacity via antioxidant activity and size of muscle fibre type 1. J Pharm Nutr Sci. 2012;2:160–4.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Kohara A, Machida M, Setoguchi Y, et al. Enzymatically modified isoquercitrin supplementation intensifies plantaris muscle fiber hypertrophy in functionally overloaded mice. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017;14:32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Gomes EC, Silva ANde Oliveira MR. Oxidants, antioxidants, and the beneficial roles of exercise-induced production of reactive species. Oxidative Med Cell Longev. 2012;2012:756132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Powers SKJackson MJ. Exercise-induced oxidative stress: cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production. Physiol Rev. 2008;88:1243–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. He F, Li J, Liu Z, et al. Redox mechanism of reactive oxygen species in exercise. Front Physiol. 2016;7:486.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Imatoh T, Kamimura STanihara S. Moderate oxidative stress and high antioxidative activity are associated with steatosis in japanese males. Clin Transl Sci. 2013;6:45–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Klarod K, Philippe M, Gatterer H, et al. Different training responses to eccentric endurance exercise at low and moderate altitudes in pre-diabetic men: a pilot study. Sport Sci Health. 2017;13:615–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Hoffman EPNader GA. Balancing muscle hypertrophy and atrophy. Nat Med. 2004;10:584–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Miyazaki MEsser KA. Cellular mechanisms regulating protein synthesis and skeletal muscle hypertrophy in animals. J Appl Physiol. 2009;106:1367–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Kumar V, Atherton P, Smith K, et al. Human muscle protein synthesis and breakdown during and after exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2009;106:2026–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Tipton KD, Borsheim E, Wolf SE, et al. Acute response of net muscle protein balance reflects 24-h balance after exercise and amino acid ingestion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003;284:E76–89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Cermak NM, Res PT, de Groot LC, et al. Protein supplementation augments the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to resistance-type exercise training: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96:1454–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Hulmi JJ, Lockwood CMStout JR. Effect of protein/essential amino acids and resistance training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy: a case for whey protein. Nutr Metabol. 2010;7:51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Moher D, Hopewell S, Schulz KF, et al. Consort 2010 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2010;340:c869.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Moore DR, Robinson MJ, Fry JL, et al. Ingested protein dose response of muscle and albumin protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:161–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Areta JL, Burke LM, Ross ML, et al. Timing and distribution of protein ingestion during prolonged recovery from resistance exercise alters myofibrillar protein synthesis. J Physiol. 2013;591:2319–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Akiyama T, Washino T, Yamada T, Koda T, Maitani T. Constituents of enzymatically modified isoquercitrin and enzymatically modified rutin (extract). Food HygSafe Sci (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi). 2000;41:54–60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Midorikawa T, Ohta M, Torii S, et al. Lean soft tissue mass measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry is an effective index for assessing change in leg skeletal muscle mass following exercise training. J Clin Densitometry. 2018;21:394–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Hulmi JJ, Laakso M, Mero AA, et al. The effects of whey protein with or without carbohydrates on resistance training adaptations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015;12:48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Peake JM, Suzuki KCoombes JS. The influence of antioxidant supplementation on markers of inflammation and the relationship to oxidative stress after exercise. J Nutr Biochem. 2007;18:357–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Bentley DJ, Ackerman J, Clifford T, et al. Acute and chronic effects of antioxidant supplementation on exercise performance. In antioxidants in sport nutrition. Edited by Lamprecht M. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Palazzetti S, Rousseau AS, Richard MJ, et al. Antioxidant supplementation preserves antioxidant response in physical training and low antioxidant intake. Br J Nutr. 2004;91:91–100.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Kressler J, Millard-Stafford MWarren GL. Quercetin and endurance exercise capacity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43:2396–404.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Bazzucchi I, Patrizio F, Ceci R, et al. The effects of quercetin supplementation on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. Nutrients. 2019;11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Reid MB, Stokic DS, Koch SM, et al. N-acetylcysteine inhibits muscle fatigue in humans. J Clin Invest. 1994;94:2468–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. McLeay Y, Stannard S, Houltham S, et al. Dietary thiols in exercise: oxidative stress defence, exercise performance, and adaptation. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017;14:12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. de Oliveira MR, Nabavi SM, Braidy N, et al. Quercetin and the mitochondria: a mechanistic view. Biotechnol Adv. 2016;34:532–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Devarshi PP, Jones AD, Taylor EM, et al. Quercetin and quercetin-rich red onion extract alter pgc-1alpha promoter methylation and splice variant expression. PPAR Res. 2017;2017:3235693.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Sandri M, Lin J, Handschin C, et al. Pgc-1alpha protects skeletal muscle from atrophy by suppressing foxo3 action and atrophy-specific gene transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:16260–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Wenz T, Rossi SG, Rotundo RL, et al. Increased muscle pgc-1alpha expression protects from sarcopenia and metabolic disease during aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:20405–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Spaulding HR, Ballmann CG, Quindry JC, et al. Long-term quercetin dietary enrichment partially protects dystrophic skeletal muscle. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0168293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Hulmi JJ, Tannerstedt J, Selanne H, et al. Resistance exercise with whey protein ingestion affects mtor signaling pathway and myostatin in men. J Appl Physiol. 2009;106:1720–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.jp) for English language editing.

Funding

No applicable.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

    Naomi Omi

  2. Physical Education Graduate School, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

    Naomi Omi, Hideki Shiba & Masaya Oda

  3. Health Science Research Center, Morinaga & Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan

    Eisaku Nishimura, Sakuka Tsukamoto, Hiroko Maruki-Uchida & Minoru Morita

Authors
  1. Naomi Omi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hideki Shiba
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Eisaku Nishimura
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sakuka Tsukamoto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Hiroko Maruki-Uchida
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Masaya Oda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Minoru Morita
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

The present study was designed by NO, EN, and MO; data were collected by NO and HS; data interpretation and manuscript preparation were undertaken by NO, HS, EN, ST, and HM-U. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Naomi Omi.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study protocol was ethically reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Tsukuba University (2014.7.30, no. 26–37), Japan and performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki Declaration and the 2010 Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials statement. This study was retrospectively registered in the University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trial Registry (Japan, registration no. UMIN000036036).

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

This research received financial support from MORINAGA & CO., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). EN, ST, HM-U, and MM are employees of MORINAGA & CO., Ltd. The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Omi, N., Shiba, H., Nishimura, E. et al. Effects of enzymatically modified isoquercitrin in supplementary protein powder on athlete body composition: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 16, 39 (2019). https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/s12970-019-0303-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/s12970-019-0303-x

Keywords

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

ISSN: 1550-2783

Contact us