First author, ref | N | Population description | Sex | Age (yr) | Wt (kg) | BMI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crossover Study Design | ||||||
 Greene et al. [22], | 12 | Elite powerlifting and Olympic weightlifting | 7 M, 5F | 35 ± 11 | 78 ± 12 | NR |
 Heatherly et al. [24], L | 8 | Trained runners | M | 40 ± 10 | 82 ± 7 | NR |
 Nazaraweicz et al. [25],L | 20 | Recreationally active | F | 21-23R | 62 ± 10 | 21.5 ± 2.1 |
 Prins et al. [23], | 7 | Recreational distance runners | M | 36 ± 8 | 69 ± 2 | 21.5 ± 1.1 |
Parallel Study Design | ||||||
 Dostal et al. [26], | KD: 12 CON: 12 | Recreationally active | 7 M, 17F | 25 ± 2 24 ± 4 | 67 ± 10 73 ± 15 | NR |
 Gregory et al. [30], | KD: 12 CON: 15 | Recreational CrossFit trainees | 5 M, 22F | 35 ± 9 34 ± 9 | 77 ± 14 72 ± 13 | 26.0 ± 2.9 26.0 ± 2.8 |
 Kephart et al. [28], | KD: 7 CON: 5 | Recreational CrossFit trainees | 9 M, 3F | 32 ± 8 29 ± 7 | 83 ± 22 77 ± 12 | 28.3a 26.6a |
 LaFountain et al. [29], | KD: 15 CON: 14 | Military personnel | 25 M, 4F | 27 ± 7 25 ± 9 | 86 ± 8 80 ± 6 | 27.9 ± 2.9 24.9 ± 2.4 |
 McSwiney et al. [16], | KD: 9 CON: 11 | Endurance athletes | M | 34 ± 7 32 ± 6 | 86 ± 14 77 ± 10 | 25.6 ± 3.0 23.9 ± 2.9 |
 Paoli et al. [31], | KD: 9 CON: 10 | Competitive body builders | M | 26 ± 5 31 ± 10 | 86 ± 15 89 ± 11 | 26.9 ± 1.9 26.6 ± 2.0 |
 Vargas et al. [15], | KD: 9 CON: 10 | Resistance-trained | M | 28 ± 4 27 ± 6 | 79 ± 8 75 ± 5 | 24.4 ± 2.6 23.9 ± 1.6 |
 Vargas-Molina et al. [27], | KD: 10 CON: 11 | Resistance-trained | F | 27 ± 4 28 ± 4 | 62 ± 10 63 ± 6 | 23.8 ± 3.6 23.7 ± 2.2 |
 Wilson et al. [11], | KD: 13 CON: 12 | Resistance-trained | M | 24 ± 5 21 ± 4 | 80 ± 15 78 ± 10 | NR |